Elizabeth
ABSTRACT
Four West African Dwarf sheep
were used to investigate the effect of brewers’ spent grains supplementation on
the utilization of mixed forage diets. The sheep were randomly assigned three
dietary treatments: treatment 1- Gliricidia
sepium (G. sepium) + 200 g brewers’ spent grain (BSG), treatment 2- Panicum maximum (P. maximum) grass + 200 g BSG, and treatment 3- G. sepium (50%) + P. maximum (50%) + 200 g BSG, with four rams per treatment diet for
42 days. Data were collected on
feed intake and faeces voided during a digestibility trial. The results
revealed that animals fed on Treatment1 recorded the highest (p<0.05) total
dry matter intake (1626.83 g), total crude fibre intake (464.56 g), total
nitrogen free extract (846.35 g) and total organic matter intake (1563.69 g).
Animals on treatment 2 recorded the highest (p<0.05) total crude protein
intake (274.06 g) and total ether extract intake (73.19 g). Highest ash intake
was recorded in treatment 3 (76.65 g). Animals fed treatment 2 recorded the
highest digestibility % (P<0.05) in all nutrient parameters, while the least
was observed for those fed diet treatment 3. Animals fed treatment 2 utilized their diet efficiently
and which resulted in best digestibility while the least efficiency of
utilization was observed in animals on diet treatment 3. Results from this
study revealed that supplementation of forages with agro-industrial by-products
such as BSG enhances utilization of forages.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – i
Certification – – – – – – – – – ii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iii
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – iv
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vii
List of Tables – – – – – – – – – x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of Problem – – – – – – – 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 3
1.4 Justification of the Study – – – – – – – 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General Description of Sheep – – – – – – 4
2.2 Taxonomy of Sheep – – – – – – – 5
2.3 Sheep Production Statistics – – – – – – 5
2.4 Characteristics/Importance of Sheep – – – – – 7
2.4.1 Small Size – – – – – – – – 7
2.4.2 Reproductive efficiency – – – – – –
– 8
2.4.3 Feeding behavior – – – – – – – 8
2.4.4 Feed Utilization Efficiency – – – – – – 9
2.4.5 Fitness – – – – – – – – – 10
2.4.6 Socio-economic – – – – – – – – 10
2.5 Nutrient Requirements of Sheep – – – – – – 11
2.6 Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirements- – – – 14
2.7 Constraints and
Possible Remedies to Sheep Production- – – 16
2.7.1 Major constraints to ruminant production (Sheep
Production) – – 16
2.7.2 Remedies to Sheep production constraints – – – – 17
2.8 Digestibility- – – – – – – – – 17
2.8.1 Digestibility of mixed forages with BSG – – – – 18
2.8.2 Digestibility of grasses mixed with Gliricidia sepium – – -19
2.9 Estimating Digestibility of Fibre – – – – – – 19
2.9.1 Factors affecting fibre digestibility – – – – – – 20
2.10 Forages – – – – – – – – – 22
2.10.1 Grass forage – – – – – – – – 23
2.10.1.1 Guinea grass – – – – – – – – 23
2.10.1.2 Nutritional qualities of guinea grass- – – – – 24
2.10.2 Forage legumes – – – – – – – 25
2.10.2.1 Gliricidia
sepium – – – – – – -27
2.11 Brewer’ Spent
Grains (BSG) – – – – – – 28
2.11.1 Future Perspective of Brewers Spent Grains – – – – 29
2.11.2 Chemical Composition of Brewers’ Spent Grain – – – 29
CHAPTER THREE:
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental site – – – – – – – – 32
3.2 Experimental animals – – – – – – – 32
3.3 Experimental treatments – – – – – – – 32
3.4 Data collection – – – – – – – – 33
3.5 Experimental design – – – – – – – 34
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Proximate
Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG – – 35
4.2 Proximate
Composition (% DM) of Faeces – – – – 37
4.3Voluntary and Nutrient
Intake of WAD sheep Fed
P. maximum, Gliricidia and BSG- – – – – – 38
4.4 Digestibility of WAD Rams fed P. maximum,
Gliricidia sepium and BSG – – – – – – – 41
4.5Nitrogen Balance of
WAD rams fed P. maximum,
Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’ Spent Grains. – – – 42
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 44
5.3 Recommendation
– – – – – – – 44
References
Appendix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Experimental Layout – – – – – 34
Table 2Proximate
Composition (% DM) of Forages and BSG- 36
Table 3
Proximate Composition (% DM) of Faeces – – 38
Table 4Voluntary and
Nutrient Intake of WAD Sheep
Fed P. maximum,
Gliricidia and BSG – – – 39
Table 5Digestibility of
WAD Rams Fed P. maximum,
Gliricidia
sepium and BSG – – – – 42
Table 6
Nitrogen Balance of WAD Rams
fed
P. maximum,
Gliricidia sepium and Brewers’
Spent Grains – – – – – – 43
Inadequate feeding is a major limiting factor to small
ruminant production in tropical Africa (Ademosun, 2010). Fodder is of poor
nutritional value for most of the year due to the rainfall pattern. In the arid
and semi-arid zones, rainfall is less than 600 mm and between 600-1000 mm per
year, respectively. Many conventional diets for ruminants in the tropics are
poor quality roughages typified by high Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), low
nitrogen contents and slow fermentation rates. This poor dietary combination
leads to decreased intake, weight loss, increased susceptibility to health
risks and reduced reproductive performance. Including herbaceous legumes in
these feeding regimes helps to rectify some of the problems associated with low
protein and high fibre diets. Poppi and Mclennan, (1995) suggested that to
optimise the benefits of lablab as a feed source, it should be grazed in
conjunction with poor quality feedstuffs.
The quality of available forage is low and browse species
which can provide higher levels of proteins and carbohydrates are sparsely
dispersed. In the humid and sub-humid zones, up to six months of the year can
be rainless, resulting in poor quality forages. The rapid buildup of cell-wall
materials and decline in crude protein (CP) content with maturity reduces the
nutritional value of the forages. Little is known about the nutritional value,
distribution, palatability, seedling vigour and seasonal production of the
forage species that characterise the natural grassland. This is particularly
true of the arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas which contain 75% of the sheep
and 80% of the goats of tropical Africa and where the rangeland is the most
important source of food (FAOSTAT, 2013). Besides the use of browse, other
strategies can be employed to improve the feeding of animals. During the dry
season, the quality of available herbage is so low that, unless the animals
have access to supplementary feeds, they lose weight. These supplementary feeds
can be obtained from agro-industrial by-products such as residues of oil
extracted from oil bearing seeds (groundnuts, coconut, palm kernels, cotton
seed, soyabean etc), by-products of grain processing (maize, rice, wheat,
sorghum, millet etc), peelings of crops (yams, cassava, potatoes, plantains
e
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