ABSTRACT

We constructed an open steam distillation column with the following specifications:-

FOR THE COLUMN

Height of column = 500mm

Length of pot = 50mm

Diameter of pot = 5mm

FOR THE STILL

Port of thickness = 500mm

Length of pot = 300mm

Diameter of pot = 100mm

FOR THE CONDESER

Condenser thickness = 2mm

Diameter of the connecting = 20mm

Pipe =

Length of pot = 200mm

Diameter of pot = 2mm

Generally, the material used in the construction (open steam distillation column) was mild steel sheet and galvanized sheet.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Distillation is a separating technique in which two liquids are separated at essentially the same temperature and pressure. It is also the term used to describe the operation where the vaporization of a liquid mixture yields a vapor phase containing more than one constituents and it is desired to recover one or more of this constituents in a nearly pure state.

It would probably be beneficial to define the terms that describe the process and related properties. Let us begin by describing the process by which a substance transformed from the condensed phase to the gas phase. For liquid, this process is called VAPORIZATION and for a solid it is called SUBMIATIN, both processes requires heat. All substances regardless whether they are liquids or solids are characterized by a vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of a pure substance is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is usually atmospheric pressure. Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency to escape. When the vapor pressure of a liquid substance reaches the external pressure the substance is observed to Boil. If the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance boils is called the NORMAL BOILING POINT. Solid substances are not characterized by a similar phenomena called BOILING. They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere.

 

Generally speaking, distillation, stripping, absorption, humidification are industrial stage wise operations which involves the contact of two phases in various apparatus. Completion of separation depends upon certain properties of components involved and the arrangement of the distillation process.

The properties involved are:

– Mode of temperature and process control

– The relative volatility between the liquid and vapor phases

– The production capacity of the distiller

– The type of distillation involved

However, the importance of distillation in commercial process is the purification of a large variety of material and petroleum industries. It is applied in the production of hot drinks in chemical industries. Also, applied in oil companies for the separation of petroleum into its various components e.g kerosene, diesel, gasoline, petrol, fuel, oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, aliphatic etc. Lastly, it is equally applied in pharmaceutical industries for the production of ethylated spirits and many other medical strubs.