Elizabeth
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In
a modern economic system, there is distinction between the surplus and deficit economic units and consequently a
separation of the savings and investment mechanism. This has necessitated the
existence of financial institutions whose jobs include the transfer of funds
from savers to investors. One of institution is the money deposits bank, the
intermediating roles of the money deposit banks places them in a position of
“trustees” of the savings of the widely dispersed surplus economic units as
well as the determinant of the rate and shape of the economic development. The
techniques employed by bankers in this intermediary function should provide them
with perfect knowledge of the outcome of lending such that funds will be
allocated to investment in which probability of full payment is certain.
However, in practice no such tool can be found in the decision of lending
bankers. Virtually all lending decisions are made under creditors uncertain of
the risk and uncertainties associated with lending decision situations are so
great that the concepts of risk and risk analysis need to be employed by
lending bankers in order to facilitate sound financial decision making and
judgment.
This
statement implies that if risks are to be objective assessed, lending decisions
by the money deposit banks should be based less on quantitative data and more
on principals tools subjected to provide sound and unbiased judgment.
Furthermore, the banks depend heavily on historical information as a basis for
decision making.
Apparently
aware of the inadequacies of his or her decisions base, the lending banker has
often sought solace in tangible and
marketable assets as security giving the impression that lending against such
securities is an insurance against bad debts. This makes the banker complacent
with his loan port folio. The increasing trends of provision for bad and
doubtful debts in most money deposit banks is a major source of concern not
only to management but also to the shareholders who are be coming more ware of
the dangers posed by these debts. Bad debts destroy part of the earning assets
of banks such as loans and advances which have been described as the main
source of earnings and also determine the liquidity and solvency which
generates two major problems, that is liquidity and profitability, has to earn
sufficient income to meet its operating costs and to have adequate returns on
its investment.
Lending
has becoming a vital function in banking operations in view of its direct
effect on the economic growth and development in the business sectors. Thus, as
far as banks are concerned, their activities are lending are as important as
their deposit taking, considering the inter-relationships between lending and
deposit taking.
Although
Lending is risky, commercial banks profit oriented organization having a
primary objective as profit maximization cannot do without lending out money.
In most cases, they generate the highest proportion of their interest on
lending. Moreso, the principal objective of lending of a bank is the provision
of growth inprofitability and liquidity within the economy.
Commercial
banks play an important role in the pass-through of monetary interest rates.
Nevertheless, the efficiency of transmission of decisions of Central Bank is a
complicated process and may depend on many factors such as: level of
competition in financial industry, perception of credit risk (risk prenina)
risk aversion, availability of close substitutes for loans etc. Moreover, banks
may influence the external fiancé premium not only via the interest rate but
also modifying the available maturity of loans or changing collateral
requirements. Finally, as evidence by broad literature on bank lending channel,
credit rationing and uncertainty about creditworthiness of borrowers may
markedly influence banks risk taking thereby influencing their willingness to lend.
The
existence of bank lending channel is conditioned on two important assumptions.
First monetary policy decision impact bank liquidity position. Second, changes
in the supply of loans affect borrowers because of constrained access to other
sources of financing than bank loans. Tightening of monetary policy usually
leads to decrease in the demand of deposit because banks adjust their deposit rates only partially to
the other sector to equity investment funds. Shrinking bank’s liabilities force
banks to decrease the supply of loans accordingly.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Years
after years, banks suffer much from the
part of full loan extended which has for one reason or the other proved irrecoverable.
Banks lose millions of Naira in various bad debts yearly and deposit efforts by
bank management committee of chief inspectors and the bankers committee on the
other hand, the ware of bad debts in banks is still on alarming proportion.
This is gathered from a combination of literature reviews on the topic.
On
the other hand, many banks experienced a lot of bad debts when new government
abandoned the project awarded to the contractors by the former government.
These contractors borrowed to execute the project awarded to them but could not
repay the loan, due to government action on revamping the economy. Again,
experience may arise in respect of lapses on the part of the bank credit
officers. For instance, there may be excesses over approved facility, unformatted
facilities and expired facilities not renewed in time in each of these cases,
the customer may easily deny even owing the bank all or part of the amount.
Deposit banks have always borne the burden alone, but this may not continue in
future as the banks may be unable to take the risk of lending more but when
eventually they do, they would seek the best way to come out of the risk with
realistic reward which they are dearly failing to achieve at present.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study are stated below:
i.
to determine and appraise the lending
procedure of bank using Access bank plc as a case study with a view to
highlighting the effectiveness and adequacy or otherwise of the credit
management policy of Nigeria banks in reducing the occurrences and consequences
of bad debts.
ii.
To ascertain the extent to which
government intervention in lending policies of bank deposit has influenced bad
debts in Nigeria money deposit and lending policies.
iii.
To highlight the extent to which improper
project evaluation influence bad debt of deposit money banks and their lending
policies in Nigeria.
iv.
To highlight that rate at which inadequate
collateral security provision by borrowers increase the incidences of bad debts
in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.
In
view of the consequence of bad debts in Nigeria deposit money banks and their lending
policies, it is necessary to formulate some research question which will enable
the researcher formulate statistical tables.
i.
has adequate collateral security provision
by borrowers caused bad debt in access bank of Nigeria plc?
ii.
Does fund diversion has any effect on bad
debt in intercontinental bank of Nigeria plc?
iii.
To what extent has government intervention
in lending polices and bank deposit influence bad debts in Access bank plc?
iv.
To what extent does improper evaluation
influence bad debt in intercontinental bank plc?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
It
is hardly an exaggeration that the difference between the success and the
failure in the banking industry is in the effective management of the banks
loans and advance. Efficient loan management is vital to the protection of
assets and the achievement of adequate returns to investment. Through much work
abound in the literature of the techniques of lending, the methods of securing
such lending and the pitfalls that await the unwary banker. By comparison it appears
to be very little in the point on the subject of loan management and recovery.
A
study of this subject will therefore be a welcome addition to the existing volume
of banking literature.
Bank
deposit and lending polices recognize that beyond the application of sound
banking principles whenever a loan is made, there is need for urgency in
appreciating the point when a loan begins to look doubtful. In arriving at a
decision as to the appreciate action and in taking that action. This will
enable the bank to at least obtain full payment including accrued interest or at worst to mitigate the capital
loss in the face of increased
competition among banks. Future profits are likely to be harder to come by and
since bad debts are charged against profits, it is appropriate that the
researcher review the methods, proportions and margins of lending to bad
doubtful debts.
Hence,
the significance of this study to bankers will enable them to appreciate an
appraisal of their lending control mechanisms now that they are expected to
lend under tight monetary conditions. The economic as a whole will benefit from
the study because if the level of bad debts is reduced, banks will be left with
more profits to enable them make the expected contributions to the development
of the economy.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In
the scope of the study deposit and lending polices in Nigeria, Access bank plc
was used for my analysis. All references therefore relates to access bank plc.
1.7
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF ACCESS BANK PLC
Access
Bank Plc, commonly refers to as Access bank but often called intercontinental
is a commercial bank in Nigeria. it is one of the twenty-four (24) commercial
banks licensed by the central bank of Nigeria, the country’s banking regular.
Access
bank is a large finance services provide in West Africa. As at December 2008,
the banks’ shareholder’s equity was valued at approximately S1.7 billion (N 261 billion). The share of stock of Access
bank is listed on the Nigeria stock exchange (NSE) where they trade under the
symbol: INTERCONT
HISTORY
The
bank was established in 1989 under the name Nigerian intercontinental merchant
bank limited. That same year, the first subsidiary intercontinental securities
limited, was established. In 1996, the bank acquired controlling shareholding
in equity bank of Nigeria, a commercial bank. Also in 1996, Access acquired
majority shareholding in West Africa provincial company plc (WAPIC), an
insurance company.
Access
bank converted into a commercial bank in 1999. In 2002, the company listed its
shares on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. In 2005, Access bank successfully merged
with three (3) other commercial banks, in which it held equity position prior to
the merger, namely Equity bank of Nigeria, gateway bank and Global bank. In
2009, a special audit of the commercial banks in Niger by the Central Bank to
be under capitalized and badly managed. Access Bank plc was one of the troubled
banks. Following the injection of capital by the federal government of Nigeria
to maintain solvency, the troubled banks have embarked on recapitalization
through participation by new investors.
Increasing
the capital base: according to its un-audited interim results at August 31
2006. Intercontinental has a capital base in excess of N61 billion ($491
million) ranked as Nigeria’s fourth most capitalized bank. Access bank is in
the market to raise an additional N50 billion ($403 million) by way of a
combined rights issue and public offer for subscription.
Revenue and profitability
According
to interim results for the first six months of the access bank financial year
to August 2006, interest income is up close to 150% on the same period in 2005.
Profit before tax is up 91.4% to N8.14 billion ($ 66 million) and the proposed
interim dividend is up 100% at N3.2 billion ($26 million) (Access Bank
Financial Statement 2006).
Expansion
Intercontinental
bank has more than 200 branches national, rising to 280 by the end of February
2014. The bank has begun its continental expansion in Ghana, where it recently
obtained approval in principles to commence operations. The bank intends to
build its presence in major financial centers, including South Africa, the United
Kingdom, United States of America, Hong Kong and Dubai.
Current structure of the Nigerian
Banking System
The
Nigerian Banking sector is organized around the activities which include the
taking of deposits highlighted above. The most notable aspects of these
activities include taking of deposits from the public and the granting of
credit facilities by the deposits money banks. Donle (2003) holds that these
two particular aspects are the hub of banking in Nigeria. The various deposit
money banks (otherwise called commercial banks) through their branch network
around the country, provide financial services to the Nigerian public, who may
be individuals. Informal and formal groups, small medium and large corporate bodies
as well as the three tiers of government and their respective ministries,
departments and agencies (MDAs).
Deposit
money banks are mainly owned by Nigerian indigenes and institutional bodies;
there are however, some foreign part-ownerships of banks. Thus, the management
and control of the operations of these banks are largely influenced by a
significant individuals or by a family members, who usually appoints
individuals to membership of the board of directors. The Central Bank of Nigeria
in nearly all cases approves these board appointments. In 2008, the CBN
introduced a uniform financial year-end in December for all deposit money
banks. But later rescinded the decision allowing the various banks to choose
their own respective year ends. In the courses of the financial year the NDIC
and CBN through their examiners fulfill their statutory mandates of regulation
and supervision by employing off-site and on. Site examinations of the books
and activities of banks Soludo (2009), states that the activities of banks
account for over 90% of the Nigerian financial system assets and are increasing
dominant source of financing for the economy. These activities in the banking
system form a significant part and determine to a great extent the economic fortunes
of Nigeria.
However,
given the importance of the roles banking system plays in the economic growth
and development of Nigerian and the limitation of these interactions and
activities among the above actors i.e. imperfections of market mechanisms to
mobilize and allocate financial resources to socially desirable economic
activities of the nation. It becomes necessary for the Nigerian government to regulate
them more than any sector in an economy. In addition, the nature of banking
business is conducted with greater secrecy compared with real sector business.
These cause for reasons for its strict supervision. In charge of this
supervision in CBN and the NDIC share in this responsibility. Table one shows
how supervision and monitoring has been carried out since 1929 through off site
and on-site surveillance.
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